Sunset Crater
Sunset Crater is a cinder cone located north of Flagstaff in the U.S. state of Arizona. The crater is within the Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument.
Sunset Crater is the youngest in a string of volcanoes (the San Francisco volcanic field) that is related to the nearby San Francisco Peaks.[6]
Formation
The date of the eruptions that formed the 340-meter-high cone (1,120 ft) was initially derived from tree-ring dates, suggesting the eruption began between the growing seasons of AD 1064–1065.[7] However, more recent geologic and archaeological evidence places the eruption around AD 1085.[8] The largest vent of the eruption, Sunset Crater itself, was the source of the Bonito and Kana-a lava flows that extended about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) northwest and 9.6 kilometers (6 mi) northeast, respectively. Additional vents along a 10-kilometer-long fissure (6.2 mi) extending southeast produced small spatter ramparts and a 6.4-kilometer-long lava flow (4 mi) to the east. The Sunset Crater eruption produced a blanket of ash and lapilli covering an area of more than 2,100 square kilometers (810 sq mi) and forced the temporary abandonment of settlements of the local Sinagua people.[3] The volcano has partially revegetated, with pines and wildflowers. The crater is the namesake for the Sunset Crater Beardtongue (Penstemon clutei). The volcano is monitored by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory and is classified as a moderate threat.
Damage from hikers forced the National Park Service to close a trail leading to the crater, but a short trail at the base remains.[9]
The hiking trail below the summit skirts the substantial Bonito Lava Flow. This hardened lava is black and appears fresh as it has devastated the forest in its path. The lava flow also created an ice cave or tube that is now closed to the public after a partial collapse.
2015 eruption scare
On June 5, 2015, a website with satellite images reported steam rising from the crater, leading to fears that Sunset Crater was erupting. The cause of the steam was later determined to be a forest fire, and geologists stated that the volcano was extinct.[10]
Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument
Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument is a U.S. national monument created to protect Sunset Crater, a cinder cone within the San Francisco Volcanic Field.[11] The monument is managed by the National Park Service in conjunction with nearby Wupatki National Monument. In 1928, a Hollywood film company, Famous Players–Lasky Corporation, planned to detonate large quantities of explosives on the side of Sunset Crater in order to create an avalanche for Zane Grey's motion picture Avalanche.[12] Public outcry over this plan led in part to the proclamation of Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument by President Herbert Hoover in 1930.[13]
A 1-mile (1.6 km), self-guided loop trail is located at the base of Sunset Crater, but hiking to the summit is not permitted. A trail providing access to the summit and crater was closed in 1973 because of excessive erosion caused by hikers.[14] A visitor center is located near the park entrance, 15 miles (24 km) north of Flagstaff, Arizona, along U.S. Highway 89.
In April 2022, the Tunnel Fire burned over the entirety of the monument, though the visitor center was spared.[15][16] In December 2022, 98 acres including the visitor center and administrative facilities were transferred from Coconino National Forest to the national monument.[17]
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Sunset Crater has a Continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps.
Climate data for Sunset Crater, Arizona (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 68 (20) | 70 (21) | 78 (26) | 82 (28) | 91 (33) | 99 (37) | 98 (37) | 97 (36) | 92 (33) | 87 (31) | 74 (23) | 68 (20) | 99 (37) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 57.0 (13.9) | 59.8 (15.4) | 68.1 (20.1) | 75.2 (24.0) | 83.2 (28.4) | 92.8 (33.8) | 93.8 (34.3) | 89.5 (31.9) | 84.9 (29.4) | 77.5 (25.3) | 67.4 (19.7) | 60.8 (16.0) | 94.9 (34.9) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 43.9 (6.6) | 46.6 (8.1) | 53.9 (12.2) | 61.1 (16.2) | 70.2 (21.2) | 82.2 (27.9) | 84.2 (29.0) | 80.7 (27.1) | 75.3 (24.1) | 64.6 (18.1) | 53.3 (11.8) | 44.0 (6.7) | 63.3 (17.4) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 28.4 (−2.0) | 31.4 (−0.3) | 37.4 (3.0) | 44.1 (6.7) | 51.9 (11.1) | 62.0 (16.7) | 66.6 (19.2) | 63.9 (17.7) | 57.5 (14.2) | 46.3 (7.9) | 35.8 (2.1) | 28.2 (−2.1) | 46.1 (7.9) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 12.8 (−10.7) | 16.3 (−8.7) | 21.0 (−6.1) | 27.0 (−2.8) | 33.6 (0.9) | 41.9 (5.5) | 49.0 (9.4) | 47.1 (8.4) | 39.8 (4.3) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 18.4 (−7.6) | 12.4 (−10.9) | 28.9 (−1.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.1 (−20.1) | −0.3 (−17.9) | 5.6 (−14.7) | 11.9 (−11.2) | 18.6 (−7.4) | 27.1 (−2.7) | 38.4 (3.6) | 37.7 (3.2) | 26.5 (−3.1) | 15.5 (−9.2) | 2.9 (−16.2) | −5.1 (−20.6) | −8.7 (−22.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | −26 (−32) | −28 (−33) | −9 (−23) | −1 (−18) | 12 (−11) | 16 (−9) | 27 (−3) | 27 (−3) | 12 (−11) | −5 (−21) | −12 (−24) | −25 (−32) | −28 (−33) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.41 (36) | 1.10 (28) | 1.08 (27) | 0.65 (17) | 0.69 (18) | 0.31 (7.9) | 2.65 (67) | 3.45 (88) | 1.72 (44) | 1.39 (35) | 0.87 (22) | 1.72 (44) | 17.04 (433) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 12.2 (31) | 9.4 (24) | 6.1 (15) | 4.2 (11) | 0.8 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.2 (3.0) | 3.5 (8.9) | 11.9 (30) | 49.3 (125) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 5.6 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 11.9 | 14.2 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 74.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) | 4.1 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 20.1 |
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[18][19] |
See also
References
- ^ a b "Sunset Crater". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
- ^ "Sunset Crater, Arizona". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
- ^ a b c "San Francisco Volcanic Field". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
- ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2022" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
- ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
- ^ Priest, Susan S.; Wendell A. Duffield; Karen Malis-Clark; James W. Hendley II; Peter H. Stauffer (December 21, 2001). "The San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona – U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 017-01". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ Pilles, Peter J. Jr. (1979). "Sunset Crater and the Sinagua: A New Interpretation". In Sheets, Payson D.; Grayson, Donald K. (eds.). Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. New York: Academic Press. pp. 459–485. ISBN 9780126391206.
- ^ Elson, Mark D.; Ort, Michael H.; Sheppard, Paul R.; Samples, Terry L.; Anderson, Kirk C.; May, Elizabeth M. (2011). A.D. 1064 No More? A Multidisciplinary Re-evaluation of the Date of the Eruption of Sunset Crater Volcano, Northern Arizona (PDF). 76th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Sacramento, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
- ^ "Lava Flow Trail". Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. National Park Service. September 14, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "Despite rumors, Arizona's Sunset Crater Volcano remains extinct". The Arizona Republic. June 5, 2015.
- ^ "Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument". National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^ "America's Best Idea: Sunset Crater nearly destroyed by Hollywood". KNAU, NPR. October 2, 2009.
- ^ "Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument – People". National Park Service. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Sainty, Lane. "Tunnel Fire burns Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument 'in its entirety'". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
- ^ "The Tunnel Fire Swept Through Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Overnight Tuesday". Great Circle Media. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "S. Rept. 117-61 - SUNSET CRATER VOLCANO NATIONAL MONUMENT BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT". January 31, 2022. (incorporated into the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023)
- ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Sunset Crater NM, AZ". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
External links
- Sunset Crater National Monument at National Park Service
- Sunset Crater at USGS
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sunset Crater
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Visitor Center
- v
- t
- e
- African Burial Ground
- Agate Fossil Beds
- Alibates Flint Quarries
- Aniakchak
- Aztec Ruins
- Bandelier
- Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
- Birmingham Civil Rights
- Booker T. Washington
- Buck Island Reef
- Cabrillo
- Camp Nelson
- Canyon de Chelly
- Cape Krusenstern
- Capulin Volcano
- Casa Grande Ruins
- Castillo de San Marcos
- Castle Clinton
- Castle Mountains
- Cedar Breaks
- César E. Chávez
- Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers
- Chiricahua
- Colorado
- Craters of the Moon
- Devils Postpile
- Devils Tower
- Dinosaur
- Effigy Mounds
- El Malpais
- El Morro
- Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
- Florissant Fossil Beds
- Fort Frederica
- Fort Matanzas
- Fort McHenry
- Fort Monroe
- Fort Pulaski
- Fort Stanwix
- Fort Union
- Fossil Butte
- Freedom Riders
- George Washington Birthplace
- George Washington Carver
- Gila Cliff Dwellings
- Governors Island
- Grand Canyon–Parashant
- Grand Portage
- Hagerman Fossil Beds
- Hohokam Pima
- Hovenweep
- Jewel Cave
- John Day Fossil Beds
- Katahdin Woods and Waters
- Lava Beds
- Little Bighorn Battlefield
- Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home
- Mill Springs Battlefield
- Montezuma Castle
- Muir Woods
- Natural Bridges
- Navajo
- Oregon Caves
- Organ Pipe Cactus
- Petroglyph
- Pipe Spring
- Pipestone
- Poverty Point
- Rainbow Bridge
- Russell Cave
- Salinas Pueblo Missions
- Scotts Bluff
- Statue of Liberty
- Stonewall
- Sunset Crater Volcano
- Timpanogos Cave
- Tonto
- Tule Lake
- Tule Springs Fossil Beds
- Tuzigoot
- Virgin Islands Coral Reef
- Waco Mammoth
- Walnut Canyon
- Wupatki
- Yucca House
- Admiralty Island
- Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
- Bears Ears
- Berryessa Snow Mountain
- Browns Canyon
- Camp Hale – Continental Divide
- Chimney Rock
- Giant Sequoia
- Gila Cliff Dwellings
- Misty Fjords
- Mount St. Helens
- Newberry
- Saint Francis Dam Disaster
- San Gabriel Mountains
- Sand to Snow
- Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
Land Management
- Agua Fria
- Avi Kwa Ame
- Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
- Basin and Range
- Bears Ears
- Berryessa Snow Mountain
- Browns Canyon
- California Coastal
- Canyons of the Ancients
- Carrizo Plain
- Cascade–Siskiyou
- Craters of the Moon
- Fort Ord
- Gold Butte
- Grand Canyon–Parashant
- Grand Staircase–Escalante
- Ironwood Forest
- Jurassic
- Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
- Mojave Trails
- Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks
- Pompeys Pillar
- Prehistoric Trackways
- Río Grande del Norte
- San Juan Islands
- Sand to Snow
- Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
- Sonoran Desert
- Upper Missouri River Breaks
- Vermilion Cliffs
AFRH, NOAA, USAF, Army)
- Aleutian Islands World War II
- Castner Range
- Hanford Reach
- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
- Marianas Trench Marine
- Military Working Dog Teams
- Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
- Pacific Remote Islands Marine
- Papahānaumokuākea Marine
- President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
- Rose Atoll Marine
- Tule Lake