Nakba
| Nakba Del av Israel–Palestina-konflikten | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 En palestinsk mann ser utover en skole i en flyktningleir, 1948. | |||
| Deltakere |  Staten Israel
| ||
| Sted | Palestinamandatet | ||
| Dato | 1948 | ||
| Resultat | 750 000+ palestinske arabere drevet på flukt | ||
Nakba på Commons | |||
Nakba eller i bestemt form al-Nakba (arabisk النكبة, «katastrofen») er betegnelsen på den etniske rensningen[1] av palestinere ifra Palestinamandatet under den arabisk-israelske krigen i 1948.[2]
Omtrent 750 000 palestinere, rundt 80 % av befolkningen i området som senere ville bli Israel, ble utvist eller flyktet fra sine hjem.[3] Fordrivelsen ble først drevet frem av sionistiske paramilitære grupper gjennom ulike voldelige midler, deretter av Israels forsvar etter opprettelsen av staten Israel.
Under fordrivelsen av palestinere i 1948 ble det begått flere titalls massakre på palestinske arabere der flere tusen ble drept, og over 500 byer, landsbyer og tettsteder med arabisk majoritetsbefolkning ble avfolket.[4] Mange av disse ble enten totalt ødelagt eller gjenbefolket av jøder og gitt hebraiske navn.
Palestinere minnes hendelsene som fant sted under krigen hvert år den 15. mai, en dag etter Israels uavhengighetsdag.[5]
Terminologi
Det var Constantine Zurayk, en professor i historie ved American University of Beirut, som var den første som brukte begrepet om fordrivelsen av palestinerne i 1948; dette skjedde i Zurayks bok Ma'na an-Nakba (katastrofens betydning), som ble utgitt første gang i 1948.[6]
Palestinske flyktninger idag
Palestinerne er blant verdens hurtigst voksende befolkninger, og tallet på registrerte palestinske flyktninger og deres etterkommere har økt fra 914 000 i 1950 til mer enn fire millioner i 2002.[trenger referanse] Mange av disse bor i flyktningleirer.
Se også
- Liste over landsbygder avfolket under den arabisk-israelske krig 1948
- Palestinske flyktninger
- Palestina-Israel-konflikten
Referanser
- ^ Sabbagh-Khoury 2023, s. 30, 65, 71, 81, 182, 193–194 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2023 (help); Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, s. 511 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Manna 2022 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Pappe 2022, s. 33, 120–122, 126–132, 137, 239 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappe2022 (help); Hasian Jr. 2020, s. 77–109 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHasian_Jr.2020 (help); Khalidi 2020, s. 12, 73, 76, 231 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Slater 2020, s. 81–85 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, s. 49–50, 54, and 61 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, s. 20 and 32 n.2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Confino 2018, s. 138 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFConfino2018 (help); Masalha 2018, s. 44, 52–54, 64, 319, 324, 376, 383 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2018 (help); Nashef 2018, s. 5–6, 52, 76 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNashef2018 (help); Auron 2017 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAuron2017 (help); Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017, s. 393 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017 (help); Al-Hardan 2016, s. 47–48 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Hardan2016 (help); Natour 2016, s. 82 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNatour2016 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, s. 3–4, 8–18 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Masalha 2012 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Wolfe 2012, s. 153–154, 160–161 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWolfe2012 (help); Khoury 2012, s. 258, 263–265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhoury2012 (help); Knopf-Newman 2011, s. 4–5, 25–32, 109, 180–182 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKnopf-Newman2011 (help); Lentin 2010, ch. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Milshtein 2009, s. 50 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMilshtein2009 (help); Ram 2009, s. 388 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRam2009 (help); Shlaim 2009, s. 55, 288 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShlaim2009 (help); Esmeir 2007, s. 249–250 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEsmeir2007 (help); Sa'di 2007, s. 291–293, 298, 308 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help); Pappe 2006 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappe2006 (help); Schulz 2003, s. 24, 31–32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchulz2003 (help)
- ^ Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, s. 511–512 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Manna 2022, s. 7–9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, s. 60, 76, 82, 88–89 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, s. 48–51 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, Introduction harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Nashef 2018, s. 6 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNashef2018 (help); Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017, s. 393 n. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017 (help); Al-Hardan 2016, s. xi, 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Hardan2016 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, s. 1 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Sayigh 2013, s. 52–55 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSayigh2013 (help); Masalha 2012, s. 1, 10–13 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Lentin 2010, ch. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Milshtein 2009, s. 47 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMilshtein2009 (help); Ram 2009, s. 366–367 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRam2009 (help); Webman 2009, s. 29 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWebman2009 (help); Abu-Lughod & Sa'di 2007, s. 3, 8–9 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LughodSa'di2007 (help)
- ^ Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, s. 511, "over 80 per cent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Pappe 2022, s. 128, "Three-quarters of a million Palestinians ... almost 90 per cent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappe2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, s. 60, "Some 80 percent ... At least 720,000 ..." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Slater 2020, pp. 81 ("about 750,000"), 83 ("over 80 percent"), and 350 ("It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSlater2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, s. 49, "750,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, s. 7, "some 750,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Bishara 2017, pp. 138 ("expelled close to 750,000") and 148 n. 21 ("number of the refugees displaced ranged between 700,000 and 900,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBishara2017 (help); Bäuml 2017, s. 105, "approximately 750,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBäuml2017 (help); Cohen 2017, s. 87, "approximately 700,000 ... between half a million and a million" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCohen2017 (help); Manna 2013, pp. 93 ("approximately 750,000") and 99 n. 12 ("Recently, both Palestinian and Israeli scholars seem to agree on this estimate of 700,000–750,000 refugees.") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2013 (help); Masalha 2012, s. 2, "about 90 per cent ... 750,000 refugees" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Wolfe 2012, s. 133, "some three quarters of a million" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWolfe2012 (help); Davis 2011, pp. 7 ("more than 750,000") and 237 n. 21 ("Most scholars generally agree with the UN number, which it was somewhere in the vicinity of 750,000") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis2011 (help); Lentin 2010, pp. 6 ("at least 80 per cent") and 7 ("more than 700,000") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLentin2010 (help); Ghanim 2009, s. 25, "Around 750,000-900,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGhanim2009 (help); Kimmerling 2008, s. 280, "700,000 to 900,000" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKimmerling2008 (help); Morris 2008, s. 407, "some seven hundred thousand" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorris2008 (help); Sa'di 2007, s. 297, "at least 780,000 ... more than 80 percent" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help)
- ^ Abu-Laban & Bakan 2022, s. 511 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbu-LabanBakan2022 (help); Manna 2022, s. 17 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2022 (help); Pappe 2022, pp. 121 and 128 ("Half of the villages had been destroyed, flattened by Israeli bulldozers ...") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappe2022 (help); Khalidi 2020, s. 73, "conquest and depopulation ... of scores of Arab cities, towns, and villages" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalidi2020 (help); Shenhav 2019, s. 49, "abolition of hundreds of Palestinian towns and villages" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShenhav2019 (help); Bashir & Goldberg 2018, s. 1, "destruction of hundreds of villages and urban neighborhoods ... evacuation of villages" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBashirGoldberg2018 (help); Cohen 2017, s. 80 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCohen2017 (help); Pappe 2017, s. 66, "In a matter of seven months, 531 villages were destroyed and eleven urban neighborhoods emptied." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPappe2017 (help) Rouhana & Sabbagh-Khoury 2017, s. 400, "Palestinian cities whose inhabitants were almost completely forced out ... hundreds of evacuated and destroyed towns" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRouhanaSabbagh-Khoury2017 (help); Rashed, Short & Docker 2014, p. 10 (quoting Mark Levene) "With at least 5,000 men, women, and children slaughtered in the massacres, 531 villages and 11 major towns destroyed and up to 800,000 folk uprooted, mostly into exile, the point of Pappe’s effort can only be affirmed." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014 (help); Manna 2013, s. 91 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFManna2013 (help); Khoury 2012, s. 259 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhoury2012 (help); Masalha 2012, pp. 3 ("over 500 villages and towns and a whole country and its people disappeared from international maps and dictionaries ... Walid Khalidi ... listed 418 depopulated and destroyed villages. However, Salman Abu-Sitta's figure of 531 includes 77 destroyed Bedouin villages in the south"), 7 ("coastal cities of Palestine — Jaffa, Haifa and Acre — were largely depopulated"), 74 ("hundreds of villages had been completely depopulated and their houses blown up or bulldozed"), 90-91 ("Of the 418 depopulated villages documented by Khalidi, 293 (70 per cent) were totally destroyed and 90 (22 per cent) were largely destroyed."), 107 ("nearly 500 destroyed and depopulated villages"), and 115 ("towns and villages of southern Palestine, including the cities of Beer Sheba and al-Majdal, were completely depopulated") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMasalha2012 (help); Wolfe 2012, s. 161 n.1, "According to official Israeli estimates, over 85% of Palestinian villages were ‘abandoned’ in the Nakba, 218 villages being listed as destroyed." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWolfe2012 (help); Davis 2011, pp. 7 ("destruction of more than four hundred villages ... depopulation of Palestinians from cities"), 9 ("418 villages that were emptied"), and 237 n. 20 ("The total number of depopulated villages, hamlets, settlements, and towns is estimated to be between 290 and 472. The most comprehensive study and the clearest on its methods for including and eliminating population settlements is the massive All That Remains (W. Khalidi 1992), which estimates the number of villages to be 418. According to this study, Israeli topographical maps chart 290 villages, Benny Morris’s 1987 study lists 369, and the Palestinian encyclopedia published by Hay’at al-Mawsu‘a al-Filastiniyya gives 391 (among other sources on the subject).") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis2011 (help); Ghanim 2009, s. 25, "about 531 villages were deliberately destroyed" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGhanim2009 (help); Kimmerling 2008, s. 280, "Most of their villages, towns, and neighborhoods were destroyed or repopulated by Jewish residents" harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKimmerling2008 (help); Sa'di 2007, pp. 293-297 ("[p. 297] destruction of some 420 Palestinian towns and villages") harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSa'di2007 (help)
- ^ Gladstone, Rick (15. mai 2021). «An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ Zureiq 1948. sfn error: no target: CITEREFZureiq1948 (help)
Eksterne lenker
- The sons of Eilaboun (Nakba Film by Hisham Zreiq) Arkivert 1. februar 2020 hos Wayback Machine.
