Zastava M55

Zastava M55
M55 A4 B1 guns of the former Army of Republika Srpska
Type	Towed 20 mm Anti-Aircraft Triple Autocannon
Place of origin	Yugoslavia/Serbia
Service history
In service	1955–present
Used by	See Operators
Wars	Yom Kippur War Angolan Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War Mozambican Civil War Lebanese Civil War Salvadoran Civil War Yugoslav Wars Second Nagorno-Karabakh war Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designer	Zastava Arms
Designed	1955–1971
Manufacturer	Zastava Arms
Produced	1971–present[1]
Variants	See Variants section
Specifications (Zastava M55)
Mass	1,100 kg (2,400 lb) loaded, 970 kg (2,140 lb) unloaded
Length	1.47 m (4 ft 10 in) (driving condition)
Barrel length	1,956 mm (77.0 in) L/70
Width	1.27 m (4 ft 2 in) (driving condition)
Height	4.30 m (14.1 ft) (driving condition)
Crew	6 -- gunners and commander
Shell	20x110mm Hispano
Caliber	20 mm
Barrels	3
Action	Gas operated
Elevation	+83° to -5
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	1,950 and 2,250 rpm cyclic, 700 rpm practical
Muzzle velocity	Armour-piercing: 840 m/s (2,800 ft/s), High-explosive incendiary: 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s)
Effective firing range	2,000 m (6,600 ft) (air), 2,500 m (8,200 ft) (ground targets)
Maximum firing range	4,000 m (13,000 ft) (vertical), 5,500 m (18,000 ft) (horizontal)
Feed system	3 x 60 round top-fed drum magazines

The Zastava M55, also designated 20/3-mm-M55, is a Yugoslavian/Serbian 20mm triple-barreled automatic anti-aircraft gun developed in 1955 and produced by Crvena Zastava (now Zastava Arms company) in Kragujevac, Serbia, for Yugoslav People's Army use and also for the export market. In addition to the basic towed model M55 A2, the variants M55 A3 B1, M55 A4 B1, and the BOV-3 SPAAG were also developed.

Development

In 1951, the Federal Secretariat of People's Defense (Serbo-Croatian: Savezni sekretarijat za narodnu odbranu – SSNO) purchased the manufacturing licence of the single-barrel Hispano-Suiza HS.804 20mm L/70 anti-aircraft autocannon mounted on the HSS.630-3 towed gun carriage. The HS.804 made by the Crvena Zastava Company entered production in 1955 as the Zastava 20/1mm M55 and the company's engineers began working in the development of a triple-barrelled version; the first prototype was completed and entered production in 1971.^[2][3]

Variants

Ground model M55 A2

The standard towed version of the M55 introduced in 1971, is intended for infantry use.^[4]

M55 A3 B1

The M55 A3 B1 is an improved version of the M55 A2 introduced in 1978.^[4]

M55 A4 B1

The M55 A4 B1 was introduced in 1977–78, and is an M55 gun system mounted on the towed carriage of the Swiss GAI-D01 anti-aircraft gun. A new computer-controlled targeting system – the Galileo ballistic computer – was installed, which automatically monitors the gun after the target has been acquired. In addition, an engine of the same type as the M55 A3 B1 has been placed under the gunner's seat, which was moved from the lateral position found on the previous version in order to improve the weight distribution of the three barrels and prevent them from vibrating. When the cannon is put into position, the towed carriage is removed, and a small splinter-proof shield has been installed in front of the targeting device and the gunner.^[4]

M55 A4 M1 (BOV-3)

The M55 A4 M1 was first introduced in 1983, and consists on a modified A4 B1 system upgraded with the Galileo J171 ballistic computer, mounted on a turret installed in the top roof of a BOV armoured personnel carrier.^[4][2][3][5]

Combat history

Africa

The Zastava M55 A2 was employed extensively by the People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) during the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) and the later stages of the South African Border War (1966–1990), with a number of them being captured by the South African Defence Force during their military operations launched against SWAPO/PLAN guerrilla bases at southern Angola in the 1980s.^[6] Some of the captured guns were stripped from the triple mounts and re-mounted on the Casspir APCs employed by the Koevoet on their counter-insurgency operations in Angola and South West Africa^[7] whilst others were handed over to the Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola, the armed wing of UNITA.

The Zastava M55 was also employed by the People's Forces of Liberation of Mozambique (FPLM) during both the Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) and the later phase of the Rhodesian Bush War, with a few guns falling into the hands of the Rhodesian Security Forces in the course of their covert cross-border raids on Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) guerrilla training camps in Mozambique during the late 1970s.^[8]

Middle East

Lebanon received an unspecified number of Zastava M55 A2 autocannons sometime in the early 1970s from Yugoslavia, which were assigned to the air defense units of the Lebanese Army and the Lebanese Air Force.^[9] They were extensively employed during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), with several guns falling into the hands of the various competing Christian and Muslim militias after the collapse of the Lebanese Armed Forces in January 1976. Main operators included the Army of Free Lebanon,^[10] Lebanese Arab Army,^[11] Al-Tanzim, Kataeb Regulatory Forces,^[12][13] Zgharta Liberation Army, the Tigers Militia, Arab Socialist Union,^[14] the Druze People's Liberation Army,^[15][14] the Al-Mourabitoun,^[16][17][18] and the Palestine Liberation Organization^[19] who mounted their Zastava M55 autocannons on technicals and M113 armored personnel carriers.^{[20][12][17][21]}

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War

Azerbaijan's Ministry of Defence reported that it destroyed two Armenian Zastava M55s 9–10 October 2020 as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.^[22]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Zastava M55 anti-aircraft guns, likely donated by Slovenia or Croatia, have been used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine to shoot down Russian drones during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[23]

Operators

•  Armenia^[22]
•  Democratic Republic of the Congo^[24]
•  Croatia − 6 BOV-3 as of 2023^[25]
•  Cyprus − 36 as of 2023^[26]
•  Guatemala − 16 as of 2023^[27]
•  Honduras − 24 M55 A2 as of 2023^[28]
•  Indonesia^[29]
•  Mozambique^[30]
•  El Salvador^[31] − 31 as of 2023^[32]
•  Tunisia − 100 as of 2023^[33]
•  Ukraine^[23]
•  Zambia^[34]

Former

•  Angola^[35]
• Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (UNITA) – Handed over by South Africa or captured from FAPLA.
•  Artsakh − Seized by Azerbaijan after the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh^[36]
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina^[37]
•  Lebanon^[37]
•  North Macedonia^[37]
•  PLO – Captured from the Lebanese Armed Forces^[19]
•  Rhodesia – Captured from FPLM or ZANLA.
•  Serbia and Montenegro^[37]
•  Slovenia^[37]
•  United Arab Emirates^[38]
•  Yugoslavia^[39] − Passed on to successor states
•  Zimbabwe^[38]

See also

• Hispano-Suiza HS.404
• Hispano-Suiza HS.820
• Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
• Zastava Arms
• ZPU
• ZU-23-2

References

Bibliography

External links

• Official website of Zastava Arms
• 20/3 mm M55 A2 (Serbia), Towed anti-aircraft guns
• 20/3 mm M55 A3 B1 (Serbia), Towed anti-aircraft guns
• 20/3 mm M55 A4 B1 (Serbia), Towed anti-aircraft guns