Timeline of materials technology

Tools

Major innovations in materials technology

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)

BC

28,000 BC – People wear beads, bracelets, and pendants^[1]
14,500 BC – First pottery, made by the Jōmon people of Japan.
6th millennium BC – Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation (see Pločnik article)
2nd millennium BC – Bronze is used for weapons and armor
16th century BC – The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy
13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly
10th century BC – Glass production begins in ancient Near East
1st millennium BC – Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt
1000 BC – The Phoenicians introduce dyes made from the purple murex.^[1]
3rd century BC – Wootz steel, the first crucible steel, is invented in ancient India
50s BC – Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia
20s BC – Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete

1st millennium

3rd century – Cast iron widely used in Han dynasty China
300 – Greek alchemist Zomius, summarizing the work of Egyptian alchemists, describes arsenic and lead acetate^[1]
4th century – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel
8th century – Porcelain is invented in Tang dynasty China
8th century – Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Muslim chemists and potters in Basra, Iraq^[2]^: 1
9th century – Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq^[2]^: 5
900 – First systematic classification of chemical substances appears in the works attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber) and in those of the Persian alchemist and physician Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (c. 865–925, Latin: Rhazes)^[3]
900 – Synthesis of ammonium chloride from organic substances described in the works attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber)^[4]
900 – Abū Bakr al-Rāzī describes the preparation of plaster of Paris and metallic antimony^[1]
9th century – Lustreware appears in Mesopotamia^[5]^: 86–87

2nd millennium

1000 – Gunpowder is developed in China^[1]
1340 – In Liège, Belgium, the first blast furnaces for the production of iron are developed^[1]
1448 – Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy
1450s – Cristallo, a clear soda-based glass, is invented by Angelo Barovier
1540 – Vannoccio Biringuccio publishes first systematic book on metallurgy
1556 – Georg Agricola's influential book on metallurgy
1590 – Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes
1664 – In the pipes supplying water to the gardens at Versailles, cast iron is used^[1]

18th century

1717 – Abraham Darby makes iron with coke, a derivative of coal^[1]
1738 – Metallic zinc processed by distillation from calamine and charcoal patented by William Champion
1740 – Crucible steel technique developed by Benjamin Huntsman
1774 –
- Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen^[1]
- Johann Gottlieb Gahn discovers manganese^[1]
- Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine^[1]
1779 – Hydraulic cement (stucco) patented by Bryan Higgins for use as an exterior plaster
1799 – Acid battery made from copper/zinc by Alessandro Volta

19th century

1821 – Thermocouple invented by Thomas Johann Seebeck
1824 – Portland cement patent issued to Joseph Aspdin
1825 – Metallic aluminum produced by Hans Christian Ørsted
1839 – Vulcanized rubber invented by Charles Goodyear
1839 – Silver-based photographic processes invented by Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot
1855 – Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented by Henry Bessemer
1861 – Color photography demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell
1883 – First solar cells using selenium waffles made by Charles Fritts
1893 – Thermite Welding developed and soon used to weld rails

20th century

1902 – Synthetic rubies created by the Verneuil process developed by Auguste Verneuil
1908 – Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger
1909 – Bakelite hard thermosetting plastic presented by Leo Baekeland
1911 – Superconductivity discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 – Stainless steel invented by Harry Brearley
1916 – Method for growing single crystals of metals invented by Jan Czochralski
1919 – The merchant ship Fullagar has the first all welded hull.
1924 – Pyrex invented by scientists at Corning Incorporated, a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion
1931 – synthetic rubber called neoprene developed by Julius Nieuwland (see also: E.K. Bolton, Wallace Carothers)
1931 – Nylon developed by Wallace Carothers
1935 – Langmuir–Blodgett film coating of glass was developed by Katharine Burr Blodgett, creating "invisible glass" which is >99% transmissive
1938 – The process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon discovered by Roy Plunkett
1939 – Dislocations in metals confirmed by Robert W. Cahn
1947 – First germanium point-contact transistor invented
1947 – First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic: barium titanate used as a phonograph pickup
1951 – Individual atoms seen for the first time using the field ion microscope
1953 – Metallic catalysts which greatly improve the strength of polyethylene polymers discovered by Karl Ziegler
1954 – Silicon solar cells with 6% efficiency made at Bell Laboratories
1954 – Argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) refining invented by scientists at the Union Carbide Corporation
1959 – Float glass process patented by the Pilkington Brothers
1962 – SQUID superconducting quantum interference device invented
1966 – Stephanie Kwolek invented a fibre that would later become known as Kevlar
1968 – Liquid crystal display developed by RCA
1970 – Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated
1980 – Duplex stainless steels developed which resist oxidation in chlorides
1984 – Fold-forming system developed by Charles Lewton-Brain to produce complex three dimensional forms rapidly from sheet metal
1985 – The first fullerene molecule discovered by scientists at Rice University (see also: Timeline of carbon nanotubes)
1986 – The first high temperature superconductor is discovered by Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Volume Library 1. The Southwestern Company. 2009.
^ ^a ^b Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. XII. Brill Academic Publishers: 1–10. doi:10.2307/1523219. ISBN 90-04-10314-7. JSTOR 1523219.
^ Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002). "Vitriol in the History of Chemistry". Chemické listy. 96 (12): 997–1005.
^ Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 9783487091150. OCLC 468740510. Vol. II, pp. 41–42.
^ Emmanuel Cooper (2000). Ten thousand years of pottery (4th ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3554-1.