Palmitoleic acid
Names | |
---|---|
Preferred IUPAC name (9Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid | |
Other names Palmitoleic acid cis-Palmitoleic acid 9-cis-Hexadecenoic acid C16:1 (Lipid numbers) | |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number |
|
3D model (JSmol) |
|
ChemSpider |
|
ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.151 |
IUPHAR/BPS |
|
PubChem CID |
|
UNII |
|
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
|
InChI
| |
| |
Properties | |
Chemical formula | C16H30O2 |
Molar mass | 254.414 g·mol−1 |
Density | 0.894 g/cm3 |
Melting point | −0.1 °C (31.8 °F; 273.0 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references |
Palmitoleic acid, or (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. It is a rare component of fats.[1] It is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue.[citation needed] It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver.
It is biosynthesized from palmitic acid by the action of the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1.
Animal and cell culture studies indicate that palmitoleic acid is anti-inflammatory, and improves insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscles, but more studies are required to establish its actions in humans.[2] Many of the effects of palmitoleic acid are due to its activation of PPAR-alpha.[2]
Dietary sources
Palmitoleic acid is found in trace amounts in most foods except for sardine oil, which contains 15% of this acid as a component of triglycerides.[1]
Other dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include breast milk,[3] a variety of animal fats, vegetable oils, and marine oils. Macadamia oil (Macadamia integrifolia) and sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) are botanical sources with high concentrations, containing 17% and 19-29% palmitoleic acid, respectively.[citation needed][4][5]
References
- ^ a b Anneken, David J.; Both, Sabine; Christoph, Ralf; Fieg, Georg; Steinberner, Udo; Westfechtel, Alfred (2006). "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2. ISBN 9783527303854.
- ^ a b de Souza CO, Vannice GK, Rosa Neto JC, Calder PC (2018). "Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders?" (PDF). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 62 (1): 1700504. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700504. PMID 28980402.
- ^ Ogunleye A, Fakoya AT, Niizeki S, Tojo H, Sasajima I, Kobayashi M, Tateishi S, Yamaguchi K (1991). "Fatty acid composition of breast milk from Nigerian and Japanese women". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 37 (4): 435–42. doi:10.3177/jnsv.37.435. PMID 1765848.
- ^ "Nuts, macadamia nuts, raw". NutritionData.com.
- ^ Li, Thomas S. C.; Thomas H. J. Beveridge (2003). Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) : Production and Utilization. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-660-19007-9. Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
- v
- t
- e
- Propionic (C3)
- Butyric (C4)
- Valeric (C5)
- Caproic (C6)
- Enanthic (C7)
- Caprylic (C8)
- Pelargonic (C9)
- Capric (C10)
- Undecylic (C11)
- Lauric (C12)
- Tridecylic (C13)
- Myristic (C14)
- Pentadecylic (C15)
- Palmitic (C16)
- Margaric (C17)
- Stearic (C18)
- Nonadecylic (C19)
- Arachidic (C20)
- Heneicosylic (C21)
- Behenic (C22)
- Tricosylic (C23)
- Lignoceric (C24)
- Pentacosylic (C25)
- Cerotic (C26)
- Carboceric (C27)
- Montanic (C28)
- Nonacosylic (C29)
- Melissic (C30)
- Hentriacontylic (C31)
- Lacceroic (C32)
- Psyllic (C33)
- Geddic (C34)
- Ceroplastic (C35)
- Hexatriacontylic (C36)
- Heptatriacontanoic (C37)
- Octatriacontanoic (C38)
- Nonatriacontanoic (C39)
- Tetracontanoic (C40)
- Octenoic (8:1)
- Decenoic (10:1)
- Decadienoic (10:2)
- Lauroleic (12:1)
- Laurolinoleic (12:2)
- Myristovaccenic (14:1)
- Myristolinoleic (14:2)
- Myristolinolenic (14:3)
- Palmitolinolenic (16:3)
- Palmitidonic (16:4)
- α-Linolenic (18:3)
- Stearidonic (18:4)
- α-Parinaric (18:4)
- Dihomo-α-linolenic (20:3)
- Eicosatetraenoic (20:4)
- Eicosapentaenoic (20:5)
- Clupanodonic (22:5)
- Docosahexaenoic (22:6)
- 9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosapentaenoic (24:5)
- 6,9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosahexaenoic (24:6)
- Myristoleic (14:1)
- Palmitovaccenic (16:1)
- α-Eleostearic (18:3)
- β-Eleostearic (trans-18:3)
- Punicic (18:3)
- 7,10,13-Octadecatrienoic (18:3)
- 9,12,15-Eicosatrienoic (20:3)
- β-Eicosatetraenoic (20:4)
- 8-Tetradecenoic (14:1)
- 12-Octadecenoic (18:1)
- Linoleic (18:2)
- Linolelaidic (trans-18:2)
- γ-Linolenic (18:3)
- Calendic (18:3)
- Pinolenic (18:3)
- Dihomo-linoleic (20:2)
- Dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3)
- Sciadonic (20:3)
- Arachidonic (20:4)
- Adrenic (22:4)
- Osbond (22:5)
- Sapienic (16:1)
- Gadoleic (20:1)
- 4-Hexadecenoic (16:1)
- Petroselinic (18:1)
- 8-Eicosenoic (20:1)