List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages

This is a list of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants that are based or partially based on Indo-European languages.

Pidgins

Germanic–Slavic

Robacian

English–Russian-based

• Europe
  • Solombala English

Norwegian–Russian-based

• Europe
  • Russenorsk

Germanic

English-based

• Africa
  • West African Pidgin English (multiple varieties) (Guinea Coast)
    • Kru Pidgin English
    • Liberian Interior Pidgin English
    • Nigerian Pidgin
    • Cameroonian Pidgin English
• Asia
  • South Asia
    • Butler English (India)
  • Southeast Asia
    • Thai Pidgin English
  • East Asia
    • Chinese Pidgin English (in Nauru)
    • Japanese Bamboo English
    • Japanese Pidgin English
    • Korean Bamboo English
• Oceania
  • Australia
    • Aboriginal Pidgin English
    • Port Jackson Pidgin English (ancestral to Australian Kriol)
    • Queensland Kanaka English
  • Pacific Islands
    • Micronesia
      • Micronesian Pidgin English
      • Nauru Chinese Pidgin English
    • Polinesia
      • Samoan Plantation Pidgin
      • Hawaiian Pidgin English
    • Melanesia
      • Papua New Guinea Pidgin
      • Tok Pisin
      • Papuan Pidgin English (distinct from Tok Pisin)
      • Solomon Islands Pijin
      • Vanuatu Bislama
• North America
  • Native American Pidgin English

German-based

• Southwest Africa
  • Namibian Black German

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based

• Nefamese

Hindi-based

• Arunachali Hindi
• Bombay Hindi
• Haflong Hindi

Italic (Romance)

General Romance-based

• Mediterranean Basin
  • Lingua Franca/Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Sabir, Petit Mauresque or Little Moorish) was spoken in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.

French-based

• Africa
  • West Africa
    • Français Tirailleur, a Pidgin language ^[1] spoken in West Africa by soldiers in the French Colonial Army, approximately 1850–1960.
• Asia
  • Southeast Asia
    • Tây Bồi Pidgin French, Pidgin language spoken in former French Colonies in Indochina, primarily Vietnam

Portuguese-based

• Africa
  • Central Africa
    • Pequeno Português

Portuguese–Spanish-based

• Europe
  • Portuguese–Spanish
    • Portuñol/Portunhol

Italic (Romance)–Germanic-based

French–English-based

• Africa
  • Camfranglais in Cameroon (mixed Cameroonian French-English Pidgin)

Different language families-based Pidgins

Indo-European–Bantu

Afrikaans–Sotho-based

• Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal

Afrikaans–Sotho–Zulu

• Camtho

Zulu-English-Afrikaans

• Fanagalo

Creoles

Germanic

Afrikaans-based creoles

• Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal (extinct as a creole)
• Oorlams Creole

Dutch-based creoles

• Atlantic
  • Caribbean (Dutch West Indies)
    • Negerhollands (extinct) (US Virgin Islands)
  • South America
    • Guyanas
      • Berbice Creole Dutch (extinct) (Berbice river region)
      • Skepi Creole Dutch (extinct) (Essequibo River region)
  • North America
    • Mohawk Dutch (extinct)
    • Negro Jersey Dutch ("Neger-Dauts" - "Negro Dutch") (extinct)
• Asia
  • Southeast Asia (Dutch East Indies)
    • Javindo, in Java, Indonesia (extinct)
    • Petjo (Peco), in Indonesia; immigrant community in the Netherlands (extinct or critically in danger)

English-based creoles

• Atlantic
  • Caribbean
    • Western Caribbean
      • Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole English)
        • Limonese Creole
        • Bocas del Toro Creole (Panamanian Creole English)
        • Jamaican Maroon Creole
      • Belizean Creole
      • Miskito Coast Creole (Nicaragua Creole English)
        • Rama Cay Creole
      • San Andrés–Providencia Creole (Raizal Creole English/Islander Creole English)
    • Eastern Caribbean
      • Northern
        • Bahamian–Turks and Caicos Creole English (Lucayan Archipelago)
          • Bahamian Creole
          • Turks and Caicos Creole English
        • Gullah language (Sea Islands Creole English)
          • Afro-Seminole Creole
      • Southern
        • Virgin Islands Creole (Netherlands Antilles Creole English)
          • Crucian: Spoken on Saint Croix.
          • Saint Martin Creole English: Spoken in Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Martin.
        • Leeward Caribbean Creole English
          • Anguillan Creole
          • Antiguan Creole
          • Saint Kitts Creole
          • Montserrat Creole
        • Vincentian Creole
        • Grenadian Creole English
        • Tobagonian Creole
        • Trinidadian Creole
        • Bajan Creole (Barbadian Creole English)
        • Guyanese Creole
  • Europe
    • Western Europe
      • Middle English (disputed)
  • Africa
    • West Africa
      • Krio (Sierra Leone Creole English)
        • Equatorial Guinean Pidgin (Pichinglis, Fernando Po Creole English, Bioko Creole English) (now also a Creole language)
      • Liberian Kreyol
      • Ghanaian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
      • Nigerian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
      • Cameroonian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
  • Suriname
    • Sranan Tongo (Surinamese Creole English)
    • Saramaccan (Saramacca–Upper Suriname regions)
    • Surinamese and French Guianese Maroons
      • Aluku
      • Ndyuka (Aukan, Eastern Maroon Creole), in Suriname
      • Paramaccan
      • Kwinti, in Suriname
      • Matawai
• Pacific
  • South East Asian
    • Singlish
  • Australia
    • Australian Kriol
    • Torres Strait Creole
  • Pacific Islands
    • Micronesia
      • Ngatikese Creole
    • Polynesia
      • Hawaiian Creole
      • Pitkern language (Pitcairn–Norfolk)
      • Tongan Creole (in Tonga)
    • Melanesia
      • Tok Pisin (now also a Creole language) (in Papua New Guinea)
      • Fijian Creole (in Fiji)
      • Pijin (now also a Creole language) (in Solomon Islands)
      • Bislama (in Vanuatu)

German-based creole

• Pacific
  • Melanesia
    • Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German)

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based creole

• Nagamese creole

Bengali-based creole

• Andaman Creole Hindi, a creole of Bengali, Hindi and Tamil
• Bishnupriya Manipuri, a creole of Bengali and Manipuri

Hindi-based creole

• Andaman Creole Hindi

Romani-based creole

• Cyprus
  • Kurbet

Italic (Romance)

French-based creoles

• Americas
  • Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape^[2]
    • Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen, locally called Creole)
    • Louisiana Creole (Kréyol la Lwizyàn, locally called Kourí-Viní and Creole), the Louisiana French Creole language. (not confuse with Louisiana French or Cajun French)
  • Varieties with progressive aspect marker ka^[3]
    • Antillean Creole is a language spoken primarily in the francophone (and some of the anglophone) Lesser Antilles, such as Martinique, Guadeloupe, Îles des Saintes, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and many other smaller islands.
      • Dominican Creole French
      • Grenadian Creole French
      • Saint Lucian Creole French
        • San Miguel Creole French (in Panama)
    • French Guianese Creole is a language spoken in French Guiana, and to a lesser degree in Suriname and Guyana.
    • Karipúna French Creole, spoken in Brazil, mostly in the state of Amapá. (not confuse with Karipuna or Palikúr a native Arawakan language of Amapá State)
      • Lanc-Patuá, spoken more widely in the state of Amapá, is a variety of the former, possibly the same language.
• Indian Ocean
  • Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape^[2] – subsumed under a common classification as Bourbonnais Creoles (Mascarene Creoles)
    • Mauritian Creole, spoken in Mauritius (locally Kreol)
      • Rodriguan creole, spoken on the island of Rodrigues
      • Agalega creole, spoken in Agaléga Islands
      • Chagossian creole, spoken by the former population of the Chagos Archipelago
    • Réunion Creole, spoken in Réunion
    • Seychellois Creole, spoken everywhere in the Seychelles and locally known as Kreol seselwa. It is the national language and shares official status with English and French.
• Pacific Ocean
  • Tayo Creole, spoken in New Caledonia

Spanish-based creoles

• Americas
  • Caribbean
    • Bozal Spanish (in Cuba) (possibly extinct)
    • Palenquero (in a region of Caribbean coast of Colombia)
• Asia
  • Mindanao, Philippines
    • Chavacano (Zamboangueño Creole Spanish)

Portuguese-based creoles

• Africa
  • Upper Guinea Creoles
    • Cape Verdean Creole: Vigorous use, Cape Verde Islands.
    • Guinea-Bissau Creole: Vigorous use. Lingua franca in Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal. Growing number of speakers.
  • Gulf of Guinea creoles
    • Angolar: A heavy substrate of Kimbundu, spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
    • Annobonese Creole (Fa d'Ambu): Vigorous use. Spoken on Annobón island, Equatorial Guinea
    • Forro: Forro is becoming the language of social networks. Spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
    • Principense Creole: Almost extinct. Spoken on Príncipe island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
    • Tonga Portuguese (Português dos Tongas)
• Americas
  • Papiamento
• Asia
  • Indo-Portuguese creoles
    • Southern Indo-Portuguese
      • Sri Lankan Portuguese creole (almost extinct)
      • Malabar Coast Indo-Portuguese
        • Cochin Portuguese Creole (Vypin Creole) (in Kochi) (extinct)
          • Cannanore Portuguese Creole (in Kannur) (almost extinct)
      • Coromandel Coast Indo-Portuguese
        • Bengal Creole Portuguese (extinct)
    • Northern Indo-Portuguese (Norteiro)
      • Korlai Portuguese Creole (Kristi): spoken in Korlai, India.
      • Bombay Portuguese Creole (extinct)
      • Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole: spoken in Daman and Diu, India. (old decreolization)
  • East Asian
    • Macanese
      • Macanese: Spoken in Macau. (old decreolization)
  • Southeast Asian
    • Malayo-Portuguese
      • Kristang (Cristão) (Malaccan Creole Portuguese): spoken in Malacca, Malaysia and emigrant communities in Singapore and Perth, Western Australia
      • Mardijker Creole: by the Mardijker people of Batavia (Jakarta) = Papiá Tugu: in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, Indonesia. (extinct)
      • Bidau Creole Portuguese (Timor Pidgin): in the Bidau area of Dili, East Timor. (it was also a creole) (extinct)
      • Portugis (Ternateño): in the Ambon, Ternate islands and Minahasa, Indonesia. (extinct)

Mixed languages

Between Indo-European languages

• Balto-Slavic
  • Belarusian–Russian
    • Trasianka/Meshanka (Belarusian-Russian mixed speech)
  • Ukrainian–Russian
    • Surzhyk (Ukrainian-Russian mixed speech)
• Germanic
  • German–Danish
    • Petuh, Danish grammar and semantics with German vocabulary.
  • High German–Low German (Low Saxon)
    • Missingsch, Low Saxon grammar, pronunciation, pragmatics, loanwords and substrate and German vocabulary.
  • Swedish–Norwegian
    • Svorsk
• Indo-Aryan
  • Para-Romani (Romani Ethnolects based on Indo-European languages, mainly Romani lexic with other languages grammars and variable Romani grammar features also)
    • Romani–Other Indo-Iranian
      • Romani–Iranian
        • Romani–Persian
          • Afghanistan Gorbat
          • Persian Romani (mixed Romani-Persian)
          • Magati
    • Romani–Domari–Armenian
      • Lomavren (mixed Romani–Domari–Armenian)
    • Romani–Balto-Slavic
      • Romani–Slavic
        • Romano-Serbian (mixed Romani–Serbian)
        • Bohemian Romani (mixed Romani–Czech) (extinct)
    • Romani–Germanic
      • Romani–English
        • Angloromani (mixed Romani–English)
      • Scandoromani (mixed Romani–General Scandinavian)
        • Romani–Swedish
          • Traveller Swedish
        • Romani–Danish
          • Danish Rodi, Traveller Danish
        • Romani–Norwegian
          • Rodi language, Traveller Norwegian
    • Romani–Hellenic
      • Romano-Greek (mixed Romani-Greek)
    • Romani–Italic (Romance)
      • Romani–Occitan–Iberian Romance
        • Caló
          • Occitan caló (Occitan: caló occitan)
          • Catalan caló (Catalan: caló català)
          • Spanish caló (Spanish: caló español)
          • Portuguese caló (Portuguese: caló português)
• Italic (Romance)
  • Estremaduran–Castilian–Portuguese
    • Barranquenho (Barranquian)

Indo-European–Other language families

• Indo-European–Eskimo–Aleutian
  • Russian–Aleutian
    • Mednyj Aleut
• Indo-European–Japanese
  • English–Japanese
    • Bonin English, a mix of Japanese and English Creole[40]
• Indo-European–Pama–Nyungan
  • English–Warlpiri
    • Light Warlpiri
  • English–Gurindji
    • Gurindji Kriol
• Indo-European–Turkic
  • Greek–Turkish
    • Cappadocian Greek
• Indo-European–Semitic
  • Greek–Arabic
    • Cypriot Maronite Arabic
• Indo-European–Basque
  • Romani–Basque
    • Erromintxela
• Indo-European–Uralic
  • Romani–Estonian
    • Laiuse Romani (extinct)
• Indo-European–Vedda
  • Sinhalese–Vedda
    • Vedda
• Indo-European–Algic
  • French–Cree
    • Michif
• Indo-European–Quechuan
  • Spanish–Quechua
    • Media Lengua

Cant languages (Cryptolects, Secret languages)

Balto-Slavic

Bulgarian-based

• Meshterski, from Bulgaria

Polish-based

• Grypsera, from Poland

Russian-based

• Fenya from Russia
• Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia

Serbo-Croatian-based

• Banjački, from Serbia
• Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia

Celtic

Irish Gaelic-based

• Shelta, from the Irish traveller community in Ireland

Scottish Gaelic-based

• Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland

Germanic

Danish-based

• Rotvælsk, from Denmark

Dutch-based

• Bargoens, from the Netherlands

German-based

• Rotwelsch, from Germany

English-based

• Back slang, from London, United Kingdom
• Cockney Rhyming Slang, from London, United Kingdom
• Engsh, from Kenya
• Jejemon from the Philippines
• Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated groups of dialects used by actors, circus and fairground showmen, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).^[4]
• Sheng from Kenya
• Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines
• Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom
• Tutnese, from the United States

Scots-based

• Scottish Cant a variant of Scots and Romani used by the Lowland Gypsies in Scotland, United Kingdom

Yiddish-based

• Klezmer-loshn, from Eastern Europe

Hellenic

Greek-based

• Podaná, from Greece

Indo-Aryan

Kohistani-based

• Adurgari, from Afghanistan

Urdu-based

• Hijra Farsi, (Urdu and not Farsi-based) from South Asia, used by the hijra and kothi subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)

Italic (Romance)

French-based

• Javanais, from France
• Louchébem, from France
• Verlan, from France

Galician-based

• Barallete, from Galicia, Spain
• Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain

Italian-based

• Spasell, from Italy (Lombard language Based cant)
• Arivaresco, from Vico Pancellorum, Italy

Portuguese-based

• Cafundó (Cupópia), in Cafundó, São Paulo State
• Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil

Spanish-based

• Bron from León and Asturias, Spain
• Gacería, from Spain
• Germanía, from Spain
• Lunfardo, from Argentina and Uruguay
• Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain

See also

• List of Indo-European languages

References

External links

• https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/pidgin
• https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/creole
• https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/mixed-language